Economic Status
Employment, Agriculture, Trade and Economic Activities
4.1 Major Economic Overview
The major economic activities occurring within the municipality are the foundations of economic prosperity. The more intense the economic activities, the more dynamic and robust the municipality's economy becomes. Primarily, the Nepalese economy is focused on agriculture, tourism, small and cottage industries, foreign employment, banking, trade, and the service sector. In the absence of the development of high-tech international-level industries, most economic activities remain subsistence-oriented.
4.1.1 Industrial Classification
Table No. 23: Distribution of Economically Active Population by Major Industrial Sector
| Economic Activity Sector or Production | Work Duration | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Months or More | 3 to 5 Months | 1 to 2 Months | Total | |
| Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing | 12,852 | 4,114 | 3,523 | 20,489 |
| Mining and Quarrying | 25 | 10 | 7 | 42 |
| Manufacturing | 446 | 56 | 72 | 574 |
| Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply | 44 | 6 | 3 | 53 |
| Water Supply, Sewerage, Waste Management | 27 | 1 | 2 | 30 |
| Construction | 1,065 | 450 | 962 | 2,477 |
| Wholesale and Retail Trade | 1,172 | 705 | 945 | 2,822 |
| Transportation and Storage | 391 | 33 | 8 | 432 |
| Accommodation and Food Service Activities | 184 | 16 | 5 | 205 |
| Information and Communication | 43 | 3 | 0 | 46 |
| Real Estate Activities | 134 | 3 | 3 | 140 |
| Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| Administrative, Defense and Technical Activities | 40 | 3 | 1 | 44 |
| Administrative and Support Service Activities | 20 | 1 | 1 | 22 |
| Public Administration and Defense | 241 | 9 | 8 | 258 |
| Education | 671 | 77 | 10 | 758 |
| Human Health and Social Work | 139 | 8 | 1 | 148 |
| Arts and Entertainment | 22 | 3 | 0 | 25 |
| Other | 104 | 292 | 374 | 770 |
| Household Employment Activities | 138 | 52 | 42 | 232 |
| Extra-territorial Organizations and Bodies | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| Not Stated | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 17,765 | 5,803 | 5,433 | 29,001 |
Source: National Census, 2078
Among the total population aged 10 years and above in the municipality, 29,001 people are engaged in some form of economic activity and earning income. Of these, the largest number, 20,489 people, are involved in agriculture, forestry and livestock farming. Similarly, 17,765 people are engaged in income-generating activities for 6 months or more, 5,803 people are engaged in income-generating activities for 3 to 5 months, and 5,433 people are engaged in economic activities for only 1 to 2 months. The detailed breakdown is presented in the table.
4.1.2 Housing Structure Details
A) Details of Households based on House Ownership
In this municipality, 4 types of housing structures are found based on ownership. 12,069 households, or 95.01 percent, reside in self-owned houses. Similarly, the number of families living in rented houses is 402, or 3.16 percent. 86 families, or 0.52 percent, live in institutional houses, while 166 households, or 1.31 percent, are in undisclosed categories. In Nepal, which is seismically sensitive, it is necessary to make houses earthquake-resistant during construction. The government has ensured the right to housing security for ultra-poor families by building integrated settlements, fulfilling the state's welfare role.
Table No. 24: Details of Households based on House Ownership
| Ward No. | Private | Rented | Institutional | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 767 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 773 |
| 2 | 1,090 | 10 | 35 | 9 | 1,144 |
| 3 | 988 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 1,000 |
| 4 | 1,592 | 56 | 2 | 18 | 1,668 |
| 5 | 1,507 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 1,523 |
| 6 | 1,242 | 98 | 5 | 7 | 1,352 |
| 7 | 1,236 | 169 | 11 | 11 | 1,427 |
| 8 | 820 | 25 | 2 | 14 | 861 |
| 9 | 1,779 | 15 | 1 | 11 | 1,806 |
| 10 | 1,048 | 12 | 3 | 86 | 1,149 |
| Total | 12,069 | 402 | 66 | 166 | 12,703 |
| Percentage | 95% | 3% | 1% | 1% | 100% |
Source: National Census, 2078
Household Details Based on House Type
B) Details of Households based on Foundation
Table No. 25: Details of Households based on Foundation
| Ward No. | Mud Bonded | Cement Bonded | RCC Pillar | Wooden Pillar | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 346 | 45 | 11 | 362 | 9 | 773 |
| 2 | 501 | 250 | 104 | 286 | 3 | 1,144 |
| 3 | 40 | 132 | 76 | 750 | 2 | 1,000 |
| 4 | 239 | 330 | 105 | 990 | 4 | 1,668 |
| 5 | 48 | 457 | 103 | 908 | 7 | 1,523 |
| 6 | 38 | 208 | 426 | 673 | 7 | 1,352 |
| 7 | 125 | 421 | 355 | 523 | 3 | 1,427 |
| 8 | 236 | 133 | 21 | 469 | 2 | 861 |
| 9 | 294 | 322 | 150 | 1,033 | 7 | 1,806 |
| 10 | 199 | 139 | 100 | 707 | 4 | 1,149 |
| Total | 2,066 | 2,437 | 1,451 | 6,701 | 48 | 12,703 |
| Percentage | 16% | 19% | 11% | 53% | 0% | 100% |
Source: National Census, 2078
Details of Households based on Foundation
C) Details of Households based on Outer Wall
Table No. 26: Details of Households based on Outer Wall
| Ward No. | Mud-Brick | Cement-Brick | Wood | Bamboo | Unbaked Brick | Galvanized | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 182 | 20 | 192 | 339 | 1 | 35 | 4 | 773 |
| 2 | 124 | 317 | 311 | 353 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 1,144 |
| 3 | 29 | 199 | 481 | 225 | 1 | 63 | 2 | 1,000 |
| 4 | 147 | 418 | 347 | 680 | 3 | 65 | 8 | 1,668 |
| 5 | 44 | 539 | 64 | 862 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 1,523 |
| 6 | 37 | 617 | 284 | 362 | 19 | 31 | 2 | 1,352 |
| 7 | 119 | 693 | 283 | 288 | 1 | 43 | 0 | 1,427 |
| 8 | 40 | 111 | 371 | 306 | 4 | 28 | 1 | 861 |
| 9 | 280 | 445 | 200 | 851 | 5 | 20 | 5 | 1,806 |
| 10 | 159 | 263 | 94 | 628 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1,149 |
| Total | 1,161 | 3,622 | 2,627 | 4,894 | 37 | 331 | 31 | 12,703 |
| Percentage | 9 | 29 | 21 | 39 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 100 |
Source: National Census, 2078
Details of Households based on Outer Wall
D) Details of Households Based on Floor of House
यस नगरपालिकामा घरको भुँईको आधारमा ६ प्रकारका आवास संरचनाहरूको प्रयोग गरेको पाउन सकिन्छ । माटोको भुँई प्रयोग गरिरहेका घरधुरीहरु ६,८८३ अर्थात् ५४.१८ प्रतिशत रहेका छन् । त्यसैगरी काठको फल्याक/बाँसको प्रयोग गर्ने घरधुरीको संख्या १८५ अर्थात १.४६ प्रतिशत, इँटा/ढुङ्गाको प्रयोग गर्ने घरधुरीको संख्या २७२ अर्थात २.१४ प्रतिशत, सेरामिक टायलको प्रयोग गर्ने घरधुरीको संख्या ७४ अर्थात ०.५८ प्रतिशत, सिमेन्ट ढलानको प्रयोग गर्ने घरधुरीको संख्या ५,२४४ अर्थात ४१.२८ प्रतिशत र स्रोत नखुलेका अवस्थाका घरधुरीहरु ४५ अर्थात ०.३५ प्रतिशत रहेका छन् । यसैगरी घरको छानोको आधारमा जस्ता/टिनको छानो भएका परिवार १०,६३२ अर्थात ८३.७० प्रतिशत, सिमेन्ट ढलान भएको छानोमा बस्ने १,३४२ अर्थात १०.५६ प्रतिशत र टायल/खपडा/झिँगटी भएको छानोमा बस्ने ३४६ अर्थात २.७२ प्रतिशत रहेका छन् । भूकम्पीय दृष्टिकोणले संवेदनशील रहेको नेपालमा घरहरू निर्माण गर्दा भूकम्प प्रतिरोधात्मक बनाउनु आवश्यक छ । अति विपन्न परिवारका लागि एकीकृत बस्ती निर्माण गरी सरकारले उनीहरूको आवास सुरक्षाको अधिकार सुनिश्चित गरेको खण्डमा राज्यको लोककल्याणकारी भूमिका पुष्टी हुन्छ । जसको विस्तृत विवरण तालिकामा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।
Table No. 27: Details of Households Based on Floor of House
| Ward No. | Mud | Wood/Bamboo | Brick/Stone | Tile | Cement | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 665 | 30 | 5 | 5 | 65 | 3 | 773 |
| 2 | 727 | 14 | 6 | 4 | 392 | 1 | 1,144 |
| 3 | 674 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 318 | 1 | 1,000 |
| 4 | 855 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 758 | 4 | 1,668 |
| 5 | 823 | 5 | 17 | 2 | 671 | 5 | 1,523 |
| 6 | 457 | 19 | 43 | 9 | 816 | 8 | 1,352 |
| 7 | 462 | 29 | 64 | 14 | 853 | 5 | 1,427 |
| 8 | 607 | 28 | 6 | 3 | 212 | 5 | 861 |
| 9 | 947 | 36 | 97 | 8 | 709 | 9 | 1,806 |
| 10 | 666 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 450 | 4 | 1,149 |
| Total | 6,883 | 185 | 272 | 74 | 5,244 | 45 | 12,703 |
| Percentage | 54% | 1% | 2% | 1% | 41% | 0% | 100% |
Details of Households Based on Floor of House
E) Details of Households Based on Roof of House
Table No. 28: Details of Households Based on Roof of House
| Ward No. | Zinc/Tin | Cement | Straw | Tile/Khapada | Stone | Wood | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 662 | 6 | 72 | 28 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 773 |
| 2 | 1,035 | 67 | 21 | 17 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1,144 |
| 3 | 882 | 62 | 9 | 45 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1,000 |
| 4 | 1,346 | 180 | 40 | 99 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1,668 |
| 5 | 1,361 | 97 | 27 | 30 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1,523 |
| 6 | 920 | 400 | 5 | 18 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1,352 |
| 7 | 1,040 | 355 | 2 | 18 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 1,427 |
| 8 | 784 | 16 | 32 | 23 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 861 |
| 9 | 1,612 | 83 | 63 | 34 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 1,806 |
| 10 | 990 | 76 | 41 | 34 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1,149 |
| Total | 10,632 | 1,342 | 312 | 346 | 46 | 17 | 8 | 12,703 |
| Percentage | 84% | 11% | 2% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 100% |
Details of Households Based on Roof of House
4.1.3 Import and Export
For any municipality to be economically strong, exports must be higher than imports. When the volume of exports is larger than imports, it helps increase trade profit and raise the economic level. Only by promoting local products and becoming self-reliant in them can the municipality's economic status be enhanced. The municipality exports agricultural products such as ginger, turmeric, paddy, banana, and lemon, as well as livestock products like goats, chickens, and pigs. On the other hand, it imports items such as additional food items, vegetables, clothing, household electrical appliances, construction materials, educational materials, chemical fertilizers, fruits, health medicines, and equipment. The fact that imports exceed exports indicates a clear trade deficit for the municipality. However, for precise data, the municipality needs to take special initiatives.
4.1.4 Raw Materials Production
Although Nepal is rich in terms of the abundance of raw materials based on local resources, the reality is that we are far behind in their sustainable utilization. The available resources include wood, herbs, fruits, food grains, and vegetables. Commercial production and sustainable utilization of such raw materials contribute directly and positively to the municipality's economy. Additionally, significant benefits can be gained from commercial livestock farming.
4.1.5 Foreign Employment
Of the total population of the municipality, 4,016 individuals have gone for foreign employment. Analyzing by age group, the highest number is 1,616 in the 25-34 age group, while the lowest is 12 in the 65+ age group. Among those in foreign employment, the highest number have gone to Middle Eastern countries.
Table No. 29 : Details of Population in Foreign Employment
| Age Group | Gender | Country Name | Total | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | SAARC | Asian | Middle East | Other Asian | Europe | Other Europe | North America | South America | Africa | Pacific | Other | Not Stated | |||
| 0-14 Years | Male | 35 | 0 | 8 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 72 |
| Female | 38 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 63 | |
| Total | 73 | 0 | 10 | 15 | 4 | 0 | 13 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 135 | |
| 15-24 Years | Male | 169 | 2 | 277 | 759 | 48 | 10 | 32 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 1,326 |
| Female | 28 | 0 | 13 | 65 | 43 | 13 | 18 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 198 | |
| Total | 197 | 2 | 290 | 824 | 91 | 23 | 50 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 3 | 3 | 1,524 | |
| 25-34 Years | Male | 85 | 4 | 261 | 959 | 44 | 20 | 21 | 16 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1,421 |
| Female | 30 | 0 | 20 | 78 | 16 | 13 | 19 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 195 | |
| Total | 115 | 4 | 281 | 1,037 | 60 | 33 | 40 | 26 | 1 | 2 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 1,616 | |
| 35-44 Years | Male | 36 | 1 | 115 | 340 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 530 |
| Female | 6 | 0 | 3 | 25 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 47 | |
| Total | 42 | 1 | 118 | 365 | 15 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 577 | |
| 45-54 Years | Male | 26 | 1 | 7 | 47 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 87 |
| Female | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | |
| Total | 29 | 2 | 7 | 49 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 96 | |
| 55-64 Years | Male | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| Female | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | |
| Total | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | |
| 65 Years and Above | Male | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Female | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
| Total | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | |
| Not Stated | Male | 9 | 0 | 4 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 31 |
| Female | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | |
| Total | 11 | 0 | 4 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 40 | |
| Total | 476 | 9 | 711 | 2,306 | 179 | 65 | 136 | 74 | 2 | 7 | 43 | 3 | 5 | 4,016 | |
4.1.6 Landless Population
In Nepal, family land ownership is closely linked to economic status. Since Nepal's economy is based on agriculture, viewing land ownership as a measure of economic status is natural. However, recently, with increased access to foreign employment and other service sectors, people have started building their economic standing in non-agricultural areas. On the other hand, land ownership is also viewed as one's birthplace or residential site. Therefore, every citizen's land ownership has been regarded as a major socio-economic and political issue for centuries. Additionally, the distribution of land in Nepal is unscientific.
4.2 Land Use and Ownership
4.2.1 Land Distribution
भूमि महत्वपूर्ण प्राकृतिक साधन हो । आर्थिक विकासको लागि यसको समुचित उपयोग गर्नु पर्दछ । भूमिलाई कृषि, आवास, सडक, पिउने पानी, सिँचाई, विद्युत तथा उर्जा, सूचना तथा सञ्चार आदिको प्रवन्धको लागि प्रयोग गर्ने गरिन्छ । यस खण्डमा विशेष गरी नगरपालिकाको भू–उपयोग र भू–आवरणको वस्तुगत चित्रण गरिएको छ । यस नगरपालिकाको वर्तमान भू–उपयोगलाई हेर्दा ५७.७५ प्रतिशत अर्थात् सबैभन्दा धेरै वन क्षेत्रले ओगटेको छ भने दोस्रोमा कृषिले ओगटेको क्षेत्र रहेको छ । उपलब्ध जमिन मध्ये खेतीयोग्य जमिनको अंश राम्रो रहेको छ । सम्पूर्ण खेतीयोग्य जमिनमा वैज्ञानिक कृषि प्रणाली अवलम्बन गर्न सके उत्पादनको राम्रो सम्भावना देखिन्छ । यस पालिकाको भू-उपयोगको अर्को उल्लेखनीय पक्ष भनेको यहाँको वनजंगल तथा वनस्पतीले ढाकेको क्षेत्र हो । समग्र भू-भागको ५७.७५ प्रतिशत वनक्षेत्र रहनु पालिकाबासीको लागि सुखद रहेको छ । यहाँको अन्य भू-उपयोगको विस्तृत विवरण तालिकामा उल्लेख गरिएको छ:
| Land Use Area | Area (Sq. Km) | Percentage Area |
|---|---|---|
| Agriculture | 84 | 30 |
| Commercial Area | 0 | 0 |
| Religious Area | 0 | 0 |
| Forest Area | 164 | 58 |
| Water Area | 24 | 8 |
| Industrial Area | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 0 | 0 |
| Public Utility Area | 4 | 1 |
| Residential Area | 7 | 2 |
| Total | 284 | 100 |

4.2.2 Agricultural Land
वैज्ञानिक र व्यवसायिक ढङ्गले भू–उपयोग नहुँदा कृषि क्षेत्रमा ठुलो घाटा व्यहोर्नु परेको अवस्था छ । नगरमा उपलब्ध सम्पूर्ण खेतियोग्य जमिनको वैज्ञानिक र व्यवसायिक ढङ्गले सदुपयोग हुन सकेको पाइँदैन् खेतीयोग्य जमिनको उपलब्धता भएपनि पूर्ण सदुपयोग नहुँदा एकातर्फ जमिन बाँझो हुँदै जाने त अर्कोतर्फ कृषि उत्पादनमा कमी भई आयात गर्नुपर्ने अवस्था श्रृजना हुन सक्छ । भू–सूचना प्रणालीबाट प्राप्त तथ्याङ्क अनुसार नगरपालिकामा ८४.२९ वर्ग कि.मि. अर्थात २९.७० प्रतिशत जमिन खेतीयोग्य रहेको छ ।

जमिन खेतीयोग्य भएर मात्र हुँदैन् त्यसमा सिँचाईको सुविधा हुनुपर्दछ । खेतीयोग्य जमिनमा खेतीपाती गरी पूर्ण सदुपयोग गर्न त्यसमा सिँचाईको सुविधा पुर्याउनु अनिवार्य हुन्छ । तसर्थ स्थानीय तहहरूले आफ्नो क्षेत्रमा रहेको खेतीयोग्य जमिनको यथार्थ विवरण तयार पारी त्यसमध्ये सिँचाई पुगेको र नपुगेको जमिनको समेत सही तथ्याङ्क हुनुपर्दछ । यस पश्चात सिँचाई नपुगेको जमिनमा एक वा वैकल्पिक उपायले सिँचाई पुर्याउन प्राथमिकता केन्द्रीत गर्नु आवश्यक हुन्छ । यस पालिकामा रहेका खेतीयोग्य जमिनमा विभिन्न सिँचाई आयोजनाहरु मार्फत सिँचाई गरिदै आइएको छ । नगरपालिकाबाट प्राप्त पछिल्लो तथ्याङ्क अनुसार पालिकामा रहेका सिँचाई आयोजनाहरुको विस्तृत विवरण तालिकामा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।
| S.N. | Irrigation Project Details | Irrigated Area |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pandhere Khola Irrigation Scheme | 12 |
| 2 | Chisapani Kulo | 6 |
| 3 | Khurkhure Small Irrigation Scheme | 21 |
| 4 | Sundari Khola Irrigation Scheme | 19 |
| 5 | Vishnujag Irrigation Scheme | 21 |
| 6 | Kalitar Lower Irrigation Scheme | 6 |
4.2.3 Barren Land
नगरहरुमा कतिपय क्षेत्रहरू प्रयोगहीन अवस्थामा बाँझो रहेका हुन्छन् । सबै प्रकारका जमिनहरूको एक वा अर्को प्रकारले सदुपयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । जमिन आफैमा एक अमूल्य प्राकृतिक सम्पदा हो । खेती नहुने क्षेत्रमा डालेघाँस वा जडिबुटी लगाउन सकिन्छ भने उपयुक्त स्थानहरूलाई खुल्ला क्षेत्र, मनोरञ्जन स्थल, पार्क वा बगैंचाको रुपमा समेत विकास गर्न सकिन्छ । खेती नहुने अवस्थामा आवास विकासका लागि समेत यस्तो जमिनको सदुपयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । यस नगरपालिकामा खोलाको किनारा तथा भिराला पाखा पखेराका जमिनहरु बाँझो अवस्थामा रहेका छन् ।
4.3 Agriculture and Livestock
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आज उच्चतम विकास हासिल गरेका औद्योगिक राष्ट्रहरूको विकासको मेरुदण्ड कृषि नै रहेको इतिहासले देखाउँछ । यूरोप, अमेरिका तथा एसियाली महाशक्तिशाली राष्ट्रहरूको सम्पन्नताको आधारशिला समेत कृषि क्रान्तिमा आधारित भएको पाइन्छ । तसर्थ तत्कालका लागि कृषि बाहेकका अन्य विकल्पहरू न्यून रहेको र कृषिमा पर्याप्त सम्भावना रहेको हाम्रो देशमा विकासका अन्य महत्वाकांक्षी योजना कार्यान्वयन गर्नुपूर्व खाद्यान्न, फलफूल, तरकारीका साथै समग्र कृषि उपजहरूमा आत्मनिर्भर बनी निर्यात समेत वृद्धि गर्न कृषि क्षेत्रमा क्रान्ति नै गर्नुपर्ने पहिलो अनिवार्य आवश्यकता रहेको छ । उच्च प्रविधिहरू विकास भईसकेको आजको युगमा समेत हाम्रो निर्वाहमूखी परम्परागत खेती प्रणालीमा सिमित रहि रहनु एक प्रकारको विडम्बना नै हो । तसर्थ स्थानीय सरकारले सम्भाव्यता अध्ययन गरी व्यवसायिक र वैज्ञानिक कृषिका लागि आवश्यक सम्पूर्ण कृषि पूर्वाधारहरूको विकास मार्फत् कृषि उत्पादन र विकासमा क्रान्ति गर्नुपर्ने आवश्यकता रहेको छ ।

4.3.1 Crop Diseases and Pests
कृषि बालीबाट अपेक्षित उत्पादन लिनका लागि बालीनालीको उचित स्याहार सम्भार आवश्यक छ । विशेषत बालीनालीलाई रोग तथा किराले आक्रमण गर्ने हुँदा रोग तथा किराबाट बच्न समयमै उच्च सतर्कता अपनाउने र रोकथाम बारे जानकारी हासिल गर्नु अति आवश्यक छ । अर्कोतर्फ बालीनालीमा लाग्ने र लाग्न सक्ने रोग तथा किराको सही ढङ्गले पहिचान हुन समेत जरुरी छ । रोग तथा किराको सही पहिचान हुन सके समयमै त्यसको रोकथाम हुन गई उत्पादनलाई सुरक्षित तथा वृद्धि गर्न सकिन्छ ।
Table No. 29: Details of Diseases in Food Crops
| SN | Crop | Major Pest | Major Disease |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Paddy | Plant hopper, Grasshopper, Stem Borer, Hispa | Blast, Blight, Brown Spot |
| 2 | Wheat | Armyworm, Termite, Aphid | Black rust, Yellow rust, Brown rust, Blight, Loose smut etc. |
| 3 | Maize | Fall Armyworm, Cutworm, Borer, Stem borer etc. | Gray leaf spot, Northern leaf blight, Southern leaf blight, Stalk rot etc. |
| 4 | Mustard | Sawfly, Aphid | Sawfly, Aphid etc. |
| 5 | Potato | Cutworm, Potato tuber moth, Red ant, Aphid etc. | Cutworm, Potato tuber moth, Red ant, Aphid etc. |
4.3.2 Vegetable and Fruit Diseases and Pests
Table No. 30: Diseases and Pests in Vegetables and Fruits
| SN | Crop | Major Disease | Major Pest |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tomato | Tuta absoluta, White fly, Aphid, Fruit borer, Bug etc. | Damping off - Early, Late Blight, Mosaic etc. |
| 2 | Cauliflower, Cabbage | Diamond Back Moth, Tobacco Caterpillar, Aphid, Hopper etc. | Soft rot, Black rot, Alternaria, Club root, Damping off etc. |
| 3 | Potato | Blight, Mosaic, Brown rot, Cutworm, Aphid etc. | Potato tuber moth, Red ant, Leaf eating caterpillar etc. |
| 4 | Mustard Greens (Rayo) | Diamond Back Moth, Tobacco Caterpillar, Aphid, Hopper etc. | Soft rot, Black rot, Alternaria, Club root, Damping off etc. |
| 5 | Orange/Lemon | Bug, Aphid, Fruit fly, Scale leaf, Root rot, Foot rot, Powdery mildew, pink disease, anthracnose, citrus scab, Gummosis, sooty mould, Canker, Citrus greening, (Citrus tristeza virus CTV) Lemon dog etc. | Canker, Fruit rot, Root rot, Green bug, Fruit fly, Sooty mould, citrus psylla, Leaf miner, Red spider mite, blue beetle, stem & trunk borer, Aphid, Thrips, Nematode, Lemon butterfly etc. |
| Cucumber/Pumpkin | Powdery mildew, Downy mildew, Mosaic virus | Red pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis, Fruit flies, Bacterocera cucurbitae, Aphids, Aphis gossyypii | |
| Bean/Peas | Rust, Powdery mildew | Soyabean hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia casigneta, Pod borers, Helicoverpa armigera, Coepea aphids, Aphis craccivora | |
| Mango | Powdery mildew, Fruit cracking, Bacterial black spot, Sooty mould | Fruitfly, Stem Borer, Leaf webber, Stone weevil | |
| Banana | Rhizome rot | Banana aphid, Pseudostem weevil, Black Sigatoka, Banana skipper (Erionota thrax) |
4.3.3 Livestock Diseases and Pests
कृषकहरूको मुख्य आम्दानीको स्रोतको रूपमा रहेको पशुपंक्षीहरूको पालन यस नगरपालिकाको प्रमुख पेशा मध्ये एक हो । नगरपालिकामा देखिने पशु रोगहरूमा नाम्ले, जुका, इपिमेरल फिवर, थुनेलो, मुहाले, पिपिआर, रिङवर्म, पुलोरम, इकोलाइ, सिआरडि, गम्वेसी, रेबिज, खोरेत, भ्यागुत्ते, चरचरे, स्वाइन फिवर र प्रजनन् सम्बन्धी पर्दछन् । नगरपालिकाको वन जंगलसँग जोडिएका वडाहरूमा एन्टी रेजिव खोप लगाउनुपर्ने देखिन्छ भने खोरेत, पिपिआर, स्वाइन फिवर जस्ता अत्यन्त संक्रामक रोगको प्रकोप पनि यस नगरपालिकामा एदाकदा देखिने गरेको छ । यसका कारणहरूलाई हेर्दा पशुको अवैध आवतजावत, दयनीय व्यवस्थापन, खोप लगाउनुपर्छ भन्ने चेतनाको कमी आदि मान्न सकिन्छ । यी रोगको नियन्त्रणका लागि नगरपालिकाबाट निरन्तर प्रयास भैरहेको देखिन्छ ।
जिवाणुबाट हुने रोगहरू मध्ये भ्यागुत्ते, चरचरे विरूद्ध यस नगरपालिकाका किसानहरूले खोप लगाउने गरेको पाइन्छ । तापनि यी रोगहरू फाटफुट रूपमा देखिने गरेका छन् । नगरपालिकामा स्वाइन फिवर, खोरेत, रेविज विरुद्धको खोपकार्य विभिन्न वडाहरूमा सञ्चालन गर्न सकेमा धेरै हदसम्म रोग नियन्त्रण गर्न सफल हुने देखिन्छ । सामान्यतया पशुपंक्षीमा ठूलो माहामारी फैलिएको पाइँदैन् । तथापि यहाँका पशुपंक्षीहरूमा खोरेत, भ्यागुते, चरचरे, नाम्लेजुका, रेवीज जस्ता रोगहरूको र पंक्षीहरूमा मुलत रानीखेत, गम्बोरा, सिआरडी र बर्डफ्लू मुख्य रूपमा लाग्ने गरेको पाइन्छ ।
4.3.4 Commercial Farms
नेपालका अधिकांश क्षेत्रमा निर्वाहमूखी, परम्परागत र असंगठित खेती गर्ने प्रणाली विद्यमान छ । कृषि व्यवसायलाई सम्मानित, प्रतिफलमूखी र वैज्ञानिक बनाउन यसलाई संगठित र संस्थागत ढङ्गले विकास गर्न जरुरी छ । हाल देशका विभिन्न स्थानहरूमा व्यवसायिक कृषि फर्महरू दर्ता भई संगठित र संस्थागत हिसाबले खेतीपाती गर्ने अभ्यासको सुरुवात भएको छ । यसरी वैज्ञानिक हिसाबले फर्म दर्ता गरी कृषि व्यवसाय सञ्चालन गर्दा राज्यद्वारा दिइने अनुदान र प्रविधिहरू सहयोग प्रदान गर्न समेत सहयोग पुग्दछ । यसले कृषि व्यवसायलाई संगठित र व्यवसायिक बनाउन पनि मद्दत पुर्याउँछ । नगरपालिकामा दर्ता भइ सञ्चालनमा रहेका व्यवसायिक कृषि तथा पशुपालन फर्महरुको विवरण तालिकामा उल्लेख गरिएको छ ।
Table No. 31: Details of Commercial Agriculture and Livestock Farms
| Ward No. | Details of Commercial Agriculture and Livestock Farms |
|---|---|
| Ward No. 1 | Karki Agriculture Multipurpose Entrepreneur Farm |
| Ward No. 8 | Shrestha Agriculture and Livestock Multipurpose Agriculture Farm |
| Ward No. 2 | Pavitra Agriculture and Livestock Multipurpose Agriculture Farm |
| Ward No. 2 | Samjhana Mushroom Industry |
| Ward No. 9 | Panjiyar Multipurpose Agriculture and Livestock Farm |
| Ward No. 8 | Simlagachi Multipurpose Agriculture Farm |
| Ward No. 6 | Satdhare Agriculture and Livestock Farm |
| Ward No. 1 | Saguna Multipurpose Domestic Agriculture and Livestock Farm |
| Ward No. 3 | Karma Multipurpose Agriculture and Livestock Farming |
4.3.5 Agriculture Human Resources
Table No. 32: Details of Manpower Related to Agriculture
| SN | Name | Designation | Contact No. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Samjhana Joshi | Agriculture Extension Officer (7th) | 9,865,522,523 |
| 2 | Pawan Paudel | Technical Assistant | 9,840,362,859 |
| 3 | Lok Bahadur Wali | Na.Pra.Sa. | 9,846,682,048 |
| 4 | Neha Tamang | Na.Pra.Sa. | 9,863,907,090 |
| 5 | Punam Rayamajhi | Na.Pra.Sa. | 9,862,188,085 |
| 6 | Bahirama Chemjong | Kri.A. | 9,862,971,516 |
| 7 | Rama Kumari Rai | Na.Pra.Sa. | 9,842,907,636 |
Table No. 33: Details of Manpower Related to Livestock Services
| SN | Name | Designation | Contact No. | Branch |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dr. Vimal Silwal | Veterinarian (Officer 7th) Branch Head | 9,860,366,303 | Livestock Service Branch |
| 2 | Bikram Basnet | Veterinary Health Technician | 9,860,612,044 | Ward No. 5 |
| 3 | Bheshraj Katwal | Veterinary Service Technician | 9,862,936,858 | Ward No. 1 |
| 4 | Bikram Waiva | Assistant Veterinary Health Technician | 9,869,290,609 | Livestock Service Branch |
| 5 | Shantiram Bastola | Assistant Veterinary Service Technician | 9,862,226,428 | Ward No. 8 |
| 6 | Niroj Kumar Dulal | Assistant 4th | 9,824,725,184 | Ward No. 9,10 |
| 7 | Kumar Ghimire | Veterinary Service Technician | 9,862,872,097 | Livestock Service Branch |
| 8 | Bindra Magar | Office Helper | 9,765,775,420 | Livestock Service Branch |
4.3.6 Agricultural Groups
a) Details of Farmer Groups
परम्परागत कृषिको व्यवसायिकरण तथा आधुनिकीकरण गर्न अहिले विभिन्न कृषि समूहहरू सञ्चालित छन् । यसले कृषि व्यवसायलाई सहजीकरण गर्नुका साथै कृषि व्यवसायमा केही सेवा सुविधाहरू दिँदै व्यवसायीहरूलाई उर्जा प्रदान गरेको छ । कृषक समूहको विवरणले कुनै पनि नगरपालिकामा कृषि क्षेत्रमा रहेका कृषकको संलग्नता र कृषि क्रियाकलापको अवस्थाको जानकारी गराउनुको साथै आगामी दिनहरूमा के कस्ता कार्यक्रमहरू ल्याउन आवश्यक छ भन्ने कुरालाई सहज बनाउने देखिन्छ । चौदण्डीगढी नगरपालिकामा वि.सं. २०८१ को अन्त्य सम्ममा नविकरण भएका कृषक समूहहरुको विवरण देहाय बमोजिम रहेको छ । हाल नगरपालिकामा विधिवत रुपमा दर्ता भइ नविकरण गरिएका कृषि समुह हरुको विवरण तलको तालिकामा समावेश छ भने अन्य संचालनमा रहेका कृषि समुहको विवरण अनुसूचि २ मा समावेश गरिएको छ ।
Table No. 34: Details of Renewed Farmer Groups by the end of 2081
| SN | Ward No. | Renewed Agriculture Groups |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ward No. 1 | Kanchanrup Farmer Group |
| 2 | Ward No. 2 | Charghare Multipurpose Agriculture and Livestock Farmer Group |
| 3 | Ward No. 2 | Pragatisheel Agriculture and Livestock Women Farmer Group |
| 4 | Ward No. 2 | Kaivedevi Agriculture and Livestock Farmer Group |
| 5 | Ward No. 2 | Sinhadevi Women Farmer Group |
| 6 | Ward No. 3 | Hattisar Multipurpose Farmer Group |
| 7 | Ward No. 3 | Rajanagi Farmer Group |
| 8 | Ward No. 3 | Bhorleni Farmer Group |
| 9 | Ward No. 4 | Swami Tol Multipurpose Agriculture and Livestock Farmer Group |
| 10 | Ward No. 4 | Lamakhola Farmer Group |
| 11 | Ward No. 5 | Unnat Agriculture and Saving Farmer Group |
| 12 | Ward No. 5 | Triyuga Agriculture and Livestock Micro-entrepreneur Farmer Group |
| 13 | Ward No. 5 | Shivalaya Farmer Group |
| 14 | Ward No. 6 | Mirmire Farmer Group |
| 15 | Ward No. 8 | Deepjyoti Women Farmer Group |
| 16 | Ward No. 8 | Navajagaran Farmer Group |
| 17 | Ward No. 8 | Dudhkoshi Farmer Group |
| 18 | Ward No. 8 | Chetanshil Farmer Group |
| 19 | Ward No. 9 | Jay Lakshmi Farmer Group |
| 20 | Ward No. 9 | Jadibuti Agriculture Development Farmer Group |
| 21 | Ward No. 10 | Chautari Sabal Farmer Group |
| 22 | Ward No. 10 | Sukh Sagar Women Social Family Farmer Group |
4.3.7 Collection Centers
ठुलोस्तरको कृषि उत्पादन तथा संकलन केन्द्रको व्यवस्था नभएको ग्रामिण परिवेशमा सानो परिमाणमा उत्पादन हुने उपजहरूलाई विभिन्न पायक पर्ने स्थानहरूमा संकलन केन्द्रको रुपमा विकास गर्दा बजारीकरण गर्न सहयोग पुग्दछ । यसरी विभिन्न स्थानमा संकलन केन्द्रको विकास गर्दा व्यापारीहरूलाई निश्चित स्थानबाट निश्चित परिमाणमा उपजहरूमा खरिद गर्न सहयोग पुग्ने हुँदा यसले बजार प्रणालीको विकास गर्न सहयोग पुग्दछ । कृषि उत्पादन वृद्धि गर्नु जति जरुरी छ त्यति नै उत्पादित सामाग्रीहरूको सूरक्षित भण्डारण गर्नु जरुरी हुन्छ । उचित ढङ्गले भण्डारण गर्दा कृषि उपजमा रहेको पोषक तत्वलाई कायम राख्न समेत मद्दत पुग्दछ । भण्डारण वैज्ञानिक नहुँदा एकातर्फ उत्पादित उपजको गुणस्तर कमजोर हुने र नष्ट समेत हुन जान्छ । तसर्थ कृषि उपजलाई वैज्ञानिक तवरले भण्डारण गरी बेमौसममा समेत बजारमा उपलब्धता भए बजार मूल्य सन्तुलनमा राख्न सहयोग पुग्दछ । यसका लागि आवश्यकताका आधारमा विभिन्न स्थानमा चिस्यान केन्द्र, भण्डारण केन्द्र र डेरीहरू स्थापना गर्नु आवश्यक छ । हाल यस नगरपालिकाको वडा नं. ९ मा एक चिस्यान केन्द्र रहेको छ भने पालिकाका व्यापारीहरुले निजी रुपमा सामान्य तथा परम्परागत भण्डारणको व्यवस्था गरी खाद्यान्न व्यापार गर्ने गरेका छन् ।
4.4 Tourism Development
Due to the climate, lifestyle, forests, vegetation, wildlife, and cultural diversity created by its unique geographical structure, Nepal is known as a worldwide attractive tourist destination. Tourism is a gift given to us by nature. If all these tourism assets are fully utilized, it is certain that they will make a significant contribution to the country's economic prosperity and strengthen the country's economy. Therefore, the Tourism Policy, 2065, primarily aims to create self-employment through tourism, alleviate poverty, research tangible and intangible heritage, further develop and expand air and land routes, and move forward with tourism infrastructure according to the concept of sustainable development. This municipality also has immense potential for tourism development.

The municipality has more than 180 sites of historical, religious, and cultural importance, including Shivalaya Temple, Basaha Than Shivalaya Temple, Pushpalal Chowk Park, Mini Apraha Waterfall, Kanya Aulshree Gumba, Dwaradani Devi Sthan, Thanpokhari Temple, Lingeshwar Shivalaya, and 44 nature-based tourist sites. There is also equal potential for homestays and cultural tourism here. Cultural tourism can be promoted by including various cultural programs reflecting the culture of Rai, Magar, and Tharu communities. Additionally, since the municipality leads in the production of agricultural products, fruits, food crops, ginger, turmeric, and lemon, developing those areas as model agricultural zones can attract agricultural tourism. Currently, it is necessary to expand hotels and homestays and other necessary services and facilities for tourists.


4.4.1 Details of Religious and Tourism Sites



Chaudandigadhi Municipality possesses unique natural beauty, abundant biological diversity, multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious and social diversity along with traditional temples, natural rivers, waterfalls, springs and historical sites. The details of various tourist and religious sites in this municipality are mentioned in the table.




Table No. 35: Details of Tourist and Religious Sites
| SN | Name | Place | Importance |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Batase Dhunge View Tower | Ward No. 1 | Tourism Area |
| 2 | Ganesh Temple | Ward No. 1 | Religious and Cultural |
| 3 | Nagdaha | Ward No. 1 | Tourism Area |
| 4 | Bungbunge Waterfall | Ward No. 1 | Tourism Area |
| 5 | Shivalaya Temple | Ward No. 2 | Religious and Cultural |
| 6 | Jaleshwar Mahadev | Ward No. 3 | Religious and Cultural |
| 7 | Tin Dobhane Lake | Ward No. 4 | Tourism Area |
| 8 | Basaha Than Shivalaya Temple | Ward No. 4 | Religious and Cultural |
| 9 | Shivalaya Temple | Ward No. 5 | Religious and Cultural |
| 10 | Sundarpur Lake | Ward No. 5 | Tourism Area |
| 11 | Radhakrishna Temple | Ward No. 5 | Religious and Cultural |
| 12 | Pushpalal Chowk Park | Ward No. 6 | Tourism Area |
| 13 | Lingeshwar Shivalaya | Ward No. 6 | Cultural and Religious |
| 14 | Kali Daha | Ward No. 6 | Tourism Area |
| 15 | Kanya Aulshri Gumba | Ward No. 7 | Religious and Tourism |
| 16 | Dhodeni Waterfall | Ward No. 7 | Tourism Area |
| 17 | Dwardani Devi Than | Ward No. 7 | Cultural and Religious |
| 18 | Apraha Waterfall | Ward No. 8 | Tourism Area |
| 19 | Thanpokhari Than | Ward No. 9 | Cultural and Religious |
| 20 | Raksa Daha | Ward No. 9 | Tourism Area |
| 21 | Bhutia Daha | Ward No. 10 | Tourism Area |



4.4.2 Details regarding Hotels, Resorts and Restaurants
For the development of any region, it is mandatory to properly develop all infrastructures related to that region. Although there is immense potential for tourism in Nepal, the lack of tourism infrastructure has hindered the extensive development of the tourism sector. Tourism infrastructure includes easy transportation facilities, hotels, lodges and restaurants, tourist guides, information centers, rescue mechanisms, communication, security and tourism activities. Depending on the tourism potential, it is indispensable for tourism development to gradually develop these infrastructures based on necessity. The details of hotels, resorts and restaurants in this municipality are mentioned in the table.
Table No. 36: Details of Hotels, Resorts and Restaurants in Municipality
| SN | Hotel, Resort and Restaurant Name | Owner Name | Contact Number |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mini House Hotel | Som Bahadur Magar | 9826088303 |
| 2 | New Galaxy Hotel and Lodge | Nirmala Basnet | 9863598060 |
| 3 | Hello Chef | Sunita Giri | 9863440324 |
| 4 | Durbar Hotel and Lodge | Bal Kumar Rai | 9811958757 |
| 5 | RB, Dharane Hotel | Bal Bahadur Basnet | 9842039684 |
| 6 | Hotel Royal | Kanchan Raut | 98199741041 |
| 7 | Hotel Halesi and Lodge | Narmaya Karki | 9842907591 |
| 8 | Belbot Hotel and Resort | Pramod Jang Rai | 9819932794 |
| 9 | Hemant Cafe and Bar | 9805900845 | |
| 10 | Hello Chef Restro Bar | Kalyan Giri/Jitendra Rai | 9863440324 |
| 11 | Adhikari Hotel and Lodge | Anjani Kumar Adhikari | 9852838880 |
| 12 | Hotel Bell | 9851005913 | |
| 13 | Lafa Khaja Ghar | Pampa Magar | 8903672555 |
| 14 | Namuna Chaudhary Chiya Nasta Hotel | Raj Narayan Chaudhary | 9811749141 |
| 15 | Halesi Line Hotel and Peda Bhandar | Umesh Yadav | 9805923996 |
| 16 | Surya Hotel and Khaja Ghar | Surya Bahadur Tamang | 9863844758 |
| 17 | Road Side Khaja Ghar | 9804798381 | |
| 18 | Purano Baba Budhoko Peda Bhandar and Hotel | Arjun Kumar Gupta | 9819743744 |
| 19 | Hotel Quality and Sekuwa Corner | 9745276968 | |
| 20 | Chaudandi Khaja Ghar | Malati Rai | 9746984658 |
| 21 | Chaudhary Line Hotel and Peda Bhandar | Jigar Kumar Chaudhary | 981470430 |
| 22 | Puja | Menuka Karki | 9702978295 |
| 23 | Gita Khana Nasta Chiya Pasal | 9829714301 | |
| 24 | Samriddhi Kirana Tatha Khaja Ghar | Januka Bista | 9824938444 |
4.5 Industry, Trade and Banking
After the development of agriculture, the next essential sector for any country's economic revolution is industry. Although various efforts have been made for industrial development since the Rana regime, large-scale industries that could lead to an industrial revolution have not been established in Nepal. It is an unfortunate situation that existing industries are becoming sick and closing down. Only by establishing industries based on agriculture and local raw materials and reaching world markets with Nepali products can the foundation for Nepal's rise from a least developed nation be prepared. In this municipality, a total of 351 trade businesses and industries, both small and large, are registered and in operation. For banking services, branches of Nepal SBI Bank Ltd., Agriculture Development Bank Ltd., Siddhartha Bank Ltd., and Rastriya Banijya Bank are operational. To promote industry, it is necessary to prioritize and encourage small and medium enterprises based on local resources. The details regarding trade businesses and industries registered and operating in the municipality are mentioned in the table.
Details Regarding Trade and Industries
| SN | Description | Number |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Production Oriented Industry | 9 |
| 2 | Energy Oriented Industry | 107 |
| 3 | 'Gha' Class Construction | 61 |
| 4 | Retail trade of daily consumables, food, tobacco, clothes etc. | 137 |
| 5 | Business Tax/Trading Goods | 32 |
| 6 | Specialist Consultancy and other business services | 5 |
4.5.1 Industrial Development
Although various efforts have been made for industrial development since the Rana regime, large-scale industries that could lead to an industrial revolution have not been established in Nepal. It is an unfortunate situation that existing industries are becoming sick and closing down. Only by establishing industries based on agriculture and local raw materials and reaching world markets with Nepali products can the foundation for Nepal's rise from a least developed nation be prepared. To promote industry, it is necessary to prioritize and encourage small and medium enterprises based on local resources.
Small industries, all types of agriculture-based industries, cottage industries, medium industries, large industries, service industries, government industries, community-based industries, collection and processing industries - although large scale industries have not come into operation in the municipality, businesses such as rice mills, grocery shops, clothing shops, fruit and vegetable shops, hardware, book and newspaper shops, furniture, utensil shops, photo studios, medical halls, grains and restaurants are formally registered and operating, which has contributed to the economic development of the municipality.
4.5.2 Trade/Business Status
व्यापार कृषि र उद्योग क्षेत्रको विकाससँग अनोन्याश्रित सम्बन्ध भएको क्षेत्र हो । कृषि र उद्योग मार्फत उत्पादित सामाग्रीहरूलाई राष्ट्रिय र अन्तराष्ट्रिय बजारमा पुर्याउने माध्यम व्यापार भएकाले व्यापार र बाणिज्यको विकास अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण हुन्छ । स्थानीय तहहरू आर्थिक रुपले सबल हुन स्थानीय उत्पादनमा सबल भई निर्यात गर्न सक्ने अवस्थामा पुग्नु पर्दछ । आफ्नो क्षेत्रभन्दा बाहिर उत्पादित सामाग्रीहरूको व्यापार गरेर अर्थतन्त्र माथि उठ्न सक्दैन् । यसका लागि कुनै न कुनै प्रकारले स्थानीय उत्पादनमा केन्द्रीत भई यस्ता उत्पादनहरूलाई निर्यात गर्न सक्नुपर्दछ । नगरपालिकाबाट प्राप्त पछिल्लो तथ्याङ्क अनुसार पालिकामा विधिवत रुपमा दर्ता भइ १३७ वटा व्यापार व्यवसायहरु सञ्चालनमा रहेका छन् ।
4.5.3 Minerals and Mines
खनिज तथा खानीको अध्ययन र उत्खननका साथै प्रशोधनका क्षेत्रमा नेपाल अत्यन्त पछाडि परेको छ । प्रविधि, जनशक्ति र ठोस योजनाको अभावका कारण नेपालको खानी तथा खनिज क्षेत्र झण्डै कुमारी अवस्थामा नै छ । यस क्षेत्रबाट लाभ लिन स्थानीय तहहरूले आफ्नो क्षेत्रमा यस सम्बन्धी अध्ययन तथा अनुसन्धान गराउनु आवश्यक छ ।
नगरपालिकामा रहेका ताप्रांग खोला, देवी खोला, भडोली खोला, घोरमुना खोला, लाटी खोला, सुघरे खोला, करम्जे खोला लगायतका खोला तथा नदीबाट उपलब्ध हुने कच्चा पदार्थमा रोडा, ढुंगा, बालुवा आदि प्रशस्त मात्रामा पाइन्छ । त्यसैले नगरपालिकामा रहेका सम्भावना पहिल्याएर विभिन्न प्राकृतिक साधनको प्रशोधन गर्न सकेको खण्डमा उद्योगको विकास तथा अर्थतन्त्रको बलियो सम्भावना देखिन्छ । हाल सञ्चालित आयोजनाहरूले पनि यसलाई थप पुष्टि गर्दछन् । तर, यिनीहरूको वैज्ञानिक व्यवस्थापन हुन भने जरुरी देखिन्छ ।
4.5.4 Local Markets and Trading Centers


Except for large cities, in rural areas where dense settlements exist, human activities such as education, health, other services, trade and commerce tend to be concentrated. These centers are called market centers. Although not fully developed from an urban development and facility perspective, human activities are concentrating and developing in these centers as areas that can develop in the future. It is not impossible to develop markets in new areas based on suitability. However, it is easier to further develop existing areas that have already developed to some extent. The details of major market centers and commercial centers of this municipality are presented in the table.

Table No. 37: Details of Major Markets
| SN | Name | Ward No. |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Beltar Bazar | Ward No. 6 & 7 |
| 2 | Birendra Bazar | Ward No. 8 |
| 3 | Barkhedanda Bazar | Ward No. 4 |
| 4 | Sanibare Bazar | Ward No. 4 |
| 5 | Bhorleni Bazar | Ward No. 3 |
| 6 | Hadiya Bazar | Ward No. 10 |
| 7 | Siwai Bazar | Ward No. 5 |
4.5.5 Banking and Financial Institutions
In a modern economy, when economic transactions are handled through banks, they become systematic and easy. As banking systems continue to develop extensively, the services they provide are also expanding. Currently, various banks have arranged services such as ATM services, visa cards, bill payment services, and even insurance. Therefore, it has become almost mandatory to provide access to banking services even for rural people in a modern economic system. In this municipality, banking services are being delivered through branches of Nepal SBI Bank Ltd., Agriculture Development Bank Ltd., Siddhartha Bank Ltd., and Rastriya Banijya Bank Ltd. In addition, there are microfinance institutions such as Nerude Mirmire Microfinance Financial Institution Ltd., Chhimek Microfinance Financial Institution Ltd., Srijanshil Microfinance Financial Institution, Forward Microfinance Microfinance Financial Institution Ltd., Jivan Bikas Microfinance Financial Institution Ltd., and Mahuli Microfinance Financial Institution Ltd. Thus, access to financial services in the municipality does not seem weak. The details regarding banks and financial institutions in this municipality are mentioned in the table.
Table No. 38: Details Regarding Banks and Financial Institutions
| SN | Name of Bank/Financial Institution | Type |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nerude Mirmire Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha Ltd. | 'Gha' Class Microfinance |
| 2 | Nepal SBI Bank Ltd. | 'Ka' Class Large Commercial Bank |
| 3 | Chhimek Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha Ltd. | 'Gha' Class Microfinance |
| 4 | Srijanshil Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha | 'Gha' Class Microfinance |
| 5 | Forward Microfinance Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha Ltd. | 'Gha' Class Microfinance |
| 6 | Jivan Bikas Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha Ltd. | Rural Self-reliance Bank |
| 7 | Krishi Bikas Bank Ltd. | 'Kha' Class Medium Development Bank |
| 8 | Mahuli Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha Ltd. | 'Gha' Class Microfinance |
| 9 | Siddhartha Bank Ltd. | 'Ka' Class Large Commercial Bank |
| 10 | Rastriya Banijya Bank | 'Ka' Class Large Commercial Bank |
4.5.6 Cooperative Institutions
Details of cooperative institutions in Chaudandigadhi Municipality are mentioned in the table below.
Table No. 39: Details of Cooperative Institutions in the Municipality
| SN | Name of Cooperative Institutions | Type | Address |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Radhakrishna Agriculture Cooperative Ltd. | Agricultural Coop | Ward-5 |
| 2 | Malati Agriculture Cooperative Ltd. | Agricultural Coop | Ward-10 |
| 3 | Kalikhola Agriculture Cooperative Ltd. | Agricultural Coop | Ward-4 |
| 4 | Saptakoshi Savings & Credit Cooperative Ltd. | Savings & Credit | Ward-6 |
| 5 | Samaweshi Women Savings & Credit Cooperative Ltd. | Savings & Credit | Ward-6 |
| 6 | Sajha Cooperative Ltd. | Ward-6 | |
| 7 | Shree Pangrami Multi-purpose Cooperative Ltd. | Multi-purpose | Ward-6 |
| 8 | Unique Savings & Credit Cooperative Ltd. | Savings & Credit | Ward-10 |
| 9 | Buddanagar Agriculture Cooperative Ltd. | Agricultural Coop | Ward-10 |
| 10 | Small Farmers Agriculture Cooperative Ltd. | Agricultural Coop | Ward-7 |
| 11 | Laligurans Women Multi-purpose Cooperative Ltd. | Multi-purpose | Ward-4 |
| 12 | Dihwar Agriculture Cooperative Ltd. | Agricultural Coop | Ward-9 |
| 13 | Uchchajyoti Women Savings & Credit Cooperative | Savings & Credit | Ward-8 |
| 14 | Beltar Agriculture Cooperative Ltd. | Agricultural Coop | Ward-6 |
| 15 | Parijat Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-10 |
| 16 | Udayiman Savings & Credit Cooperative | Savings & Credit | Ward-6 |
| 17 | Navadurga Multi-purpose Cooperative | Multi-purpose | Ward-5 |
| 18 | Dhan Pokhri Savings & Credit Cooperative | Savings & Credit | Ward-9 |
| 19 | Navadurga Savings & Credit Cooperative | Savings & Credit | Ward-7 |
| 20 | Bhimsen Agriculture Cooperative Ltd. | Agricultural Coop | Ward-10 |
| 21 | Hariyali Agriculture Cooperative Ltd. | Agricultural Coop | Ward-8 |
| 22 | Women Awareness Multi-purpose Cooperative | Multi-purpose | Ward-10 |
| 23 | Ujjalashil Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-10 |
| 24 | Janothan Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-10 |
| 25 | Sustainable Agriculture Technology & Information Coop | Agricultural Coop | Ward-10 |
| 26 | Ambika Multi-purpose Cooperative | Multi-purpose | Ward-10 |
| 27 | Gilan Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-10 |
| 28 | Urjashil Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-9 |
| 29 | Sirjanshil Savings & Credit | Savings & Credit | Ward-9 |
| 30 | Trishakti Swawalambhan Savings & Credit | Savings & Credit | Ward-9 |
| 31 | Women Small Farmers Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-8 |
| 32 | Siddhbaba Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-8 |
| 33 | Jana-Consumer Cooperative | Consumer | Ward-8 |
| 34 | Paruhang Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-7 |
| 35 | Sukhashanti Savings & Credit Cooperative | Savings & Credit | Ward-7 |
| 36 | Prakriti Savings & Credit Cooperative | Savings & Credit | Ward-7 |
| 37 | Mamata Savings & Credit Cooperative | Savings & Credit | Ward-7 |
| 38 | Sudhimma Savings & Credit Cooperative | Savings & Credit | Ward-7 |
| 39 | Chaumalongma Consumer Cooperative | Consumer | Ward-7 |
| 40 | Shivalaya Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-6 |
| 41 | Aastha Savings & Credit Cooperative | Savings & Credit | Ward-6 |
| 42 | Chhahari Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-6 |
| 43 | Pangrami Multi-purpose Cooperative | Multi-purpose | Ward-6 |
| 44 | Navabihani Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-5 |
| 45 | Shivai Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-5 |
| 46 | Shivashakti Multi-purpose Cooperative | Multi-purpose | Ward-5 |
| 47 | Ghararai Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-4 |
| 48 | Hanskali Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-4 |
| 49 | Udayapur Karmatara Savings & Credit Coop | Savings & Credit | Ward-4 |
| 50 | Sahayatri Multi-purpose Cooperative | Multi-purpose | Ward-4 |
| 51 | Vishwa Consumer Cooperative | Consumer | Ward-4 |
| 52 | Annapurna Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-4 |
| 53 | Suryojyoti Women Multi-purpose Cooperative | Multi-purpose | Ward-9 |
| 54 | Vishasaya Kalika Savings & Credit Coop | Savings & Credit | Ward-9 |
| 55 | Dudhkoshi Consumer Cooperative | Consumer | Ward-9 |
| 56 | Triguna Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-6 |
| 57 | Women Small Farmers Agriculture Cooperative | Agricultural Coop | Ward-9 |
| 58 | Sajha Cooperative Ltd. | Ward- | |
| 59 | Sajha Cooperative Ltd. | Ward- | |
| 60 | Pangkanya Multi-purpose Cooperative | Multi-purpose | Ward-6 |